TET NOTES

  Introduction : In today's education system, it is important to provide equal opportunities to every student. In this regard, the principle of Inclusive Education is gaining great importance. This principle has the noble intention that all types of children with disabilities should get education in the general education system. In this article, let us discuss what are the needs of children with hearing impairment in inclusive education. What is hearing impairment?: Hearing impairment is a difficulty in hearing or understanding sounds adequately. It can be congenital or a result of a defect. Some children may have a slight hearing impairment, while others may have a complete hearing loss. Children with hearing impairment experience some difficulties in communication, language expression, and building social relationships. Problems of children with hearing impairment : 1. Speech difficulties: Hearing impaired children cannot hear sounds clearly, making it difficult to learn to speak...

  Introduction: In the current education system where students with diverse personalities, abilities and diversity are part of a school, it is very important to provide equal educational opportunities to every child. Especially, there is a need for an inclusive education system where slow learners can actively and effectively participate. Who is a slow learner? Slow learners are children who learn slowly compared to the standard of normal intelligence. They cannot learn immediately, learning can only be achieved through repetition and paying close attention. Although they do not show the obvious retardation seen in normal children, they take longer in the learning process. Meaning of inclusive education: Inclusive education is an educational method that includes all types of students, disabled, normal, developmentally backward, etc. in the same educational system and provides equal learning opportunities to all. It develops compassion, cooperation and a unified attitude towards soc...

  Introduction : Inclusive education is an educational system in which all types of students—regardless of intellectual, physical, or social disabilities—are educated equally and respectfully in a regular school environment. It is an attempt to bring children who are disadvantaged in the educational process into the mainstream of the curriculum. Meaning : Enclusive education is the process of identifying different children due to their sensory and intellectual problems and providing them with the necessary needs. Types of inclusive education: There are three main types of inclusive education, which are as follows. Enclusive education Special education Integrated education Importance of inclusive education: Promotes empathy, cooperation, and social harmony among students. Provides equal opportunities and educational experiences to children with special needs. Teaching is designed to help all students by recognizing different learning styles. Providing equal education to all. Develop...

  Introduction: Psychology is a branch of science that studies human behavior, thinking, feeling, learning, sensation, intelligence, and personality. Since these are very subtle and internalized factors, it is not easy to measure them accurately. Therefore, there is a need for standardized, standardized, and scientific tests for this purpose. Tests are psychological instruments designed to measure the personal, intellectual, emotional, and sensory characteristics of an individual. They are useful for teachers, counselors, doctors, employment agencies, and researchers. Types of Achievement Tests: There are two main types of achievement tests, which are as follows. Tests that are standardized Teacher-designed tests Three more types of standardized tests can be seen. Oral test Short form test Essay test Teacher-made tests can be of two types Objective questions Subjective questions 1. Intelligence Tests: Intelligence is the set of analytical abilities, reasoning, logical reasoning, me...

  Introduction: Psychology is a field that studies our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. With this, the relationship between education and psychology is very important. Education is necessary for the complete development of students, which is why the idea of ​​progressive education has been formed in psychology. This approach focuses on children, allowing them to explore experiences and think independently. Meaning of progressive education: This is a philosophy that developed in the 20th century. American psychologist John Dewey is considered the main proponent of this philosophy. In his words, "Education is not only a preparation for life, but life itself is education." In this, it is possible to develop the necessary skills in life by participating diligently in the educational process. When this philosophy is adopted, the interests, needs, and feelings of students are given more importance. In other words, they are a way of providing good and necessary information. Princi...

 Social Cognitive Theory, developed by Albert Bandura, has had a revolutionary impact on human studies. This theory explains the relationship between human learning, personality, behavior change, and social interactions. Bandura first proposed this theory as Social Learning Theory in the 1960s, and later developed it and refined it as “Social Cognitive Theory.” Key elements of the theory: 1. Imitation and Modeling (Modeling / Observational Learning): * According to Bandura, individuals learn by observing the behavior, language, and habits of others. * This can happen on a large scale – children watch their mother’s behavior and imitate it or follow models they see in the media. * His famous Bobo Doll experiment showed how violent behavior in children comes through imitation. 2. Reciprocal Determinism: * According to Bandura, a person's behavior, personal factors (beliefs, feelings, expectations) and the environment - all of these are interrelated. * Example: If a student is confide...

  The human brain is considered to be a very fascinating and powerful tool. The study of brain functions is considered by psychology. Intelligence or intellect is considered to be the comprehensive sum of a person's ability to learn, study, innovate, and solve problems. The study of intelligence is essential in the field of education, as it is used to monitor the academic progress of students and to prepare appropriate lesson plans for learning. Classifications of intelligence: Categories              IQ(Intelligence) Genius                       140 and above Highly intelligent         130 to 139 Intelligent                       120 to 129 Above average               110 to 119 Average                      ...

  Motivation: Motivation is the internal or external driving force within a person. It is the process that leads a person towards a specific goal. The effect of motivation on a person's business, study power, work value, etc. is a reward. Meaning: Motivation is the English word for motivation, which comes from the Latin word mover, which means to move, which means to make a person move. It means to carefully achieve a specific goal. Features of motivation: It can be an internal or external force. It affects a person's enthusiasm, interest and actions. It is a continuous process and is based on the needs of the person. Types of motivation: Intrinsic motivation: Motivation caused by personal interest, satisfaction, goal achievement, etc. E.g. Reading comes from enthusiasm. Extrinsic motivation: Motivation caused by rewards, praise, punishment, etc. E.g. Reward for passing. Major Motivational Theories: Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs: Physiological needs Safety Love and belonging...

                                       Kohlberg Lawrence Kohlberg, a famous American psychologist, described the stages of moral development of an individual. Using his studies, he made important contributions to moral development. Kohlberg developed his own perspective, incorporating the ideas of Jean Piaget. Kohlberg divided moral development into three main stages and each of these into two substages, which can be divided into six stages in total. 1. Pre-constitutive Stage: During this stage, children's morality is probably shaped by rewards and punishments. They evaluate their behavior by external consequences. Stage 1: Punishment and Subordination: During this stage, children behave in a way that is not necessarily dictated by rules. They quickly judge the purity of behavior by its effectiveness. For example, "I can't do this because punishment is a test." Stage 2: Personal gain and ...

  Assessment for Learning and Assessment for Education: Principles and Needs In education, “Assessment” is essential to measure any progress and success, to identify appropriate outcomes externally and to assess student learning ability. Both the concepts of “Assessment for Learning” and “Assessment for Education” can lead to effective learning in the field of education. In this blog, we will discuss their considerations, differences and their importance in the current education system. Assessment for Learning: “Assessment for Education” is often called “Summative Assessment”. It is a concept of need used to measure student learning at the end of a sentence or after a specific period of time. In this, the conditions are usually intended to measure the student’s achievement. For example, final exams, final projects, and individual or group presentations. Assessment for Education provides additional responsibilities to students, as it motivates them to achieve better results. It prov...

                              Jean Piaget Jean Piaget’s Cognitive Development Theory Jean Piaget, a Swiss psychologist, is widely known for his pioneering work in child development. His Cognitive Development Theory explains how children construct a mental model of the world around them and how their thinking processes develop through various stages. Piaget believed that cognitive development in children occurs in a series of stages that are universal and follow a specific order. He emphasized that children are not passive learners but active participants in the learning process, constructing knowledge through their experiences. Key Concepts of Piaget's Theory Before exploring the stages, it's essential to understand some key concepts in Piaget’s theory: Schemas: Schemas are basic mental structures or frameworks that help individuals organize and interpret information. They are like building blocks of knowledge. F...